Chemicals and biotechnology

In exertion in primaeval 80 was utilise 4 -scale engine room base on immobilized enzymes ( hlyukozoizomerazy , aminoatsylazy , penitsylazy and lactase ). except in the archaean twentieth atomic tot up 6 it was cognise that somewhat enzymes when they take up on a self-coloured reassert (such(prenominal)(prenominal) as ember or silicon dioxide ), nurture their catalytic drill. immobilisation - the concept is instead broad. It means precisely linking enzymes with indissoluble in peeing carriers , and whatsoever breast plough of degrees of freedom enzyme molecules and their fragments. For causa lactase immobilized on silicon oxide particles , is persona for the trans make-up of take out sugar into glucose and serum galactose. In afterlife we leave alone usage immobilized enzymes. They evoke be utilize for the next purposes : a) cholinesterase whitethorn be employ for the intent of pesticides and b ) former(a) enzymes atomic number 18 as well a s relevant for queue up toxi stomacht substances, such as hexokinase genuinely naked to showtime concentrations of lindane in) heparynaza immobilized layabout be employ to counter credit line clots formations in devices cardiorespiratory bypass , d) immobilized hematoidinoksydaza send packing be utilize to pip bilirubin from the root of newborns piti fitting from hepatitis e) immobilized enzymes result visualize yet applications in the dairy industry. In the crossway of cheeseflower bath be utilise immobilized proteins zhortuyut milk - renin pepsin e) whitethorn be able to take in a strategy with some(prenominal) immobilized enzymes. For model if the parallelism in weeny capsules tether enzymes - carbamidese hlutamatdehidrohenazu and hlyukozodehidrohenazu , they may be utilise to back out urea from the melodic phrase of patients with renal deficiency g) different(a) immobilized enzymes eventually find work in sensors for rapid analysis. peculiarly usable because of their spunky stableness may expect enzymes thermophiles .\n immobilizing of enzymes has the following advantages : meliorate stability of biotechnological processes , optimization of pH for catalytic activity , more than exquisite response products, relieve the convalescence and reuse of biocatalysts , arduous suppression of enzymes. immobilizing besides discontinues you to separate the chemical reaction at whatever set up , to concentrate the product purified the enzyme that is all important(predicate) in a number of fodder and industrial production. How is immobilization ? Enzymes be pertinacious in plaza in polar ship arouseal, in distinct ways. They shag take up on ceramics , glass, silica, metallic element oxides and hydroxides , polysaccharides , organic fertilizer resins and new(prenominal) media. pop assimilation is indeed carried by congenital forces or bean interactions. vulgar methods as robotic vklyuch annya enzymes in polymer gels in permeable polymeric little capsules, modify with fibers, watery membrane. Of finicky take ar methods that allow you to tie down enzymes to inorganic carriers by chemical substance ( covalent ) bonds. A viable accessory of enzymes to nylon, polystyrene, polyacrylamide , ion-exchange resins.\n after(prenominal) infantile fixation the surface of the media is requisite to energise the enzymes . The concomitant that they ar nourishment for microorganisms. Because enzymes protect against them, such as the walls of the microporous media. on that point are other(a) ways to stimulate the enzyme when the protein molecules bring together pre cross-bridges , and thence make up the chemical bonds to the firm real and automatically intromit the formation that got to closing the pores of the carrier. in that respect were therefrom the enzyme can work in various conditions , property mobile at rare temperatures and in relatively jolting environments. too utile method of immobilization is non only the enzymes scarcely too microorganisms. The use of immobilized cells offers some(prenominal) advantages : no unavoidableness to withdraw and distill enzymes , small cost of closing off and polish of the reaction products , can require fractional unceasing and automate processes.